Cov hlau uas tawv tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb no yog dab tsi?

Thaum nws los txog rau cov hlau, Hardness yog cov khoom tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab lawv cov kev haum rau ntau yam kev siv. Tab sis dab tsi xyov yog cov hlau loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb? Cov lus teb tsis ncaj raws li nws yuav zoo li, raws li "Hardness" tuaj yeem txhais tau nyob rau hauv kev sib txawv- Xws li tensuse lub zog. Txawm li cas los xij, ib lub hlau tsis tu ncua sawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev nyuaj tag nrho: tungsten.
Nkag siab hardness hauv cov hlau
Ua ntej dhia ua haujlwm rau vim li cas tungsten yog suav tias yog cov hlau tawv tshaj plaws, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb kom paub meej tias kev ntsuas qhov nyuaj npaum li cas. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev kawm, hardness yog feem ntau ntsuas siv teev zoo li lub mohs hashness nplai (rau kev khawb tsis kam) thiab pob zeb lossis indentation tsis kam).
• Mohs cov cim teev cov khoom ntawm 1 (mos, zoo li TALC) txog 10 (nyuaj tshaj plaws, zoo li pob zeb diamond). Cov hlau feem ntau poob ntawm 2 thiab 9 ntawm cov nplai no.
• Cov vickers nyuaj twv ntsuas qhov tsis kam ntawm cov khoom siv rau indentation los ntawm pob zeb diamond pyramid, nrog cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia hauv vickers hardness (HV). HV tseem ceeb qhia qhov nyuaj dua.
Rau cov hlau, ua ke ntawm cov kev ntsuas no - nrog cov khoom zoo li melting thiab tensile zog {} pab txiav txim siab lawv "hardness" hauv cov ntsiab lus. Tungsten exhed hla ntau yam kev ntsuas, ua rau nws sib tshuam saum toj kawg nkaus.
Tungsten: Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws tshwm sim hlau
Tungsten, nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg lub cim w thiab atomic naj npawb 74, yog cov hlau tsis tshua muaj npe rau nws qhov kev nyuaj tshaj plaws. Ntawm no yog vim li cas nws khwv tau lub npe:
• MoHs Hardness: TungTen Qib ncig 7.5 ntawm Mohs nplai, tso nws siab dua cov hlau feem ntau. Rau kev sib piv, hlau feem ntau yog li ntawm 4 txog 7, thaum Titanium zaum ntawm 6.
• Vickers Hardness: Ntshiab Tungsten muaj lub suab tawv tawv muaj txog li 343 hv, tab sis thaum muaj ob qho tib si hlau (xws li npib tsib, nws lub hardness nce siab heev. Tungsten carbide, ib qho sib xyaw ntawm cov pa roj carbon, khav theeb lub vickers nyuaj ntawm 1,800-2,,
• Melting taw tes: tungsten muaj lub siab tshaj plaws yaj taw taw ntawm ib qho hlau, ntawm 6,192℃f (3,422 degree). Qhov kev tiv thaiv huab cua sov heev yog txuas rau nws lub zog atomic bonds, uas tseem yuav ua rau nws lub hardness.
• Lub zog tensile: tungsten muaj lub zog siab tensile (qhov siab tshaj plaws nws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv ua ntej tawg ua ib lub suab nrov ua ntej.
Yuav ua li cas tungsten piv rau lwm cov hlau nyuaj​
Thaum lwm cov hlau yog qhov nyuaj, tsis muaj ib qho phim tungsten qhov kev ua tau zoo tag nrho:
• Chromium: chromium paub txog nws hardness (Mohs 8.5) thiab feem ntau siv rau phaj lwm yam hlau ntxiv cov hlau ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog nkig thiab tsawg dua vungsten hauv cov ntawv thov txheej txheem.
• Titanium: Titanium yog lub zog thiab lub teeb tab sis muaj qis dua mohs halohless (6) thiab vickers hardness (li 200 hv) tshaj tungsten.
• Hlau alloys: high - @} Cov hlau ua kom tiav los ntawm kev kho cua sov, thiab lawv tsis phim lub ntuj hardness thiab kub tsis kam ntawm tungsten.
• Osmium: Osmium yog tuab hlau nrog lub mohs hartness ntawm 7, tab sis nws tsis tshua muaj ntau nplua mias thiab ntau tshaj li tungsten, txwv nws siv.
Tungsten carbide, tshwj xeeb, outperforms ntau cov hlau thiab txawm tias qee qhov ceramics. Nws yog qhov nyuaj dua li cov hlau feem ntau thiab tsuas tuaj yeem khawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xws li pob zeb diamond lossis cubic boron nitride.
Cov ntawv thov ntawm Tungsten lub hardness
Tungsten lub hardness, ua ke nrog nws cov kub tsis kam thiab lub zog, ua rau nws incaluable hauv ntau txoj kev lag luam:
• Cov cuab yeej siv: Tungsten carbide yog siv los ua cov cuab yeej, tho cov khoom, thiab milling ntxig. Cov cuab yeej no tuaj yeem txiav los ntawm cov khoom nyuaj xws li steel, qhob, thiab lwm yam hlau tsis tau ua kom sai.
• Aerospace thiab defense: tungsten yog siv hauv pob zeb nozzles, armor - qhov chaw mos, thiab cov chaw dav dav uas yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj qhov kub thiab txias.
• Cov khoom hluav taws xob: Tungsten filaments nyob rau hauv incandescent teeb qhov muag teev thiab electron microscopes cia siab rau nws lub peev xwm los tawm tsam melting ntawm qhov kub.
• Tsuas thiab kev tsim kho: tungsten -}}}}} tipped tho tho cov me thiab pom cov hniav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev khiav mus rau pob zeb thiab pob zeb.
Cov kev txwv ntawm Tungsten
Txawm hais tias nws lub hardness, tungsten muaj cov drawbacks. Ntshiab Tungsten yog nkig txias ntawm chav tsev kub, ua rau nws nyuaj rau lub tshuab. Yuav kom kov yeej qhov no, feem ntau yog sib txuam nrog lwm cov hlau (zoo li tus menyuam yaus lossis hlau) txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua kom nruj thaum khaws tau hardness. Tungsten tseem muaj tsawg thiab kim, uas txwv nws siv nyob rau hauv qis {3} daim ntawv thov nqi.
Puas muaj ntau yam nyuaj "?
Nws muaj nqis ceeb toom tias qee tus txiv neej -}} cov khoom siv nyuaj dua li tungsten tab sis tsis tshua hlau. Piv txwv li:
• Tungsten carbide: Raws li tau hais, qhov no yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke (tsis yog ib pawg neeg ntshiab) tab sis feem ntau yog ua pawg nrog cov hlau hauv cov peev txheej vim nws cov khoom siv hlau me me.
• Amorphous Hlau (Nws yog xim hlau cov qauv qub thiab tuaj yeem nyuaj, tab sis lawv tsis tau tshwm sim rau hauv cov lab.
• Nanostructured cov coals: meters muaj cov nanoscale tuaj yeem txhim kho hardness, tab sis lawv yog cov hluavtaws thiab tsis pom nyob rau hauv qhov.
Ntawm cov muaj tshwm sim huv si, txawm li cas los xij, tungsten tseem yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws.
Tag
Cov hlau tawv tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog tungsten. Nws sib xyaw ntawm cov siab mohs har hardness, vickers hardness, kub tsis kam, thiab tensile zog teeb nws sib nrug los ntawm lwm cov hlau. Thaum muab cov pa roj carbon los tsim cov tungsten carbide, nws dhau los nyuaj dua, ua rau nws yog staple hauv cov cuab yeej muaj kev lag luam thiab siab- kev siv daim ntawv thov. Txawm tias lwm yam hlau thiab txiv neej -}} Cov ntaub ntawv yuav sib tw nws cov xwm txheej zoo nkauj thiab ntau yam uas yog cov hlau loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntiaj chaw. Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv tej cuab yeej, aerospace cov khoom siv, lossis hluav taws xob, tungsten lub hardness txuas ntxiv mus tsav tsheb tshiab hauv kev txua hluav taws xob thiab kev tsim khoom lag luam.