Q1. Dab tsi yog qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm solder?
Qhov zoo ntawm kev sib txuas welded: cov qauv yooj yim, tsis muaj qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm ntu ntu, kev ua haujlwm yooj yim, ntau hom vuam txoj kev, kev ua haujlwm tsis siv neeg, txuag hlau, kev ua haujlwm siab, siab rigidity, kev ncaj ncees, thiab kev sib khi zoo.
Qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm welded: cov qauv metallographic ntawm cov hlau nyob hauv thaj chaw uas muaj kev kub ntxhov hloov pauv, thiab cov khoom siv hauv zos ua nkig; muaj welding residual kev nyuaj siab thiab residual deformation tom qab vuam, uas txo cov bearing muaj peev xwm ntawm compression tswv cuab; welded qauv yog rhiab heev rau cov kab nrib pleb, thiab ib zaug hauv zos kab nrib pleb tshwm sim, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus nthuav mus rau tag nrho, thiab tsis tshua muaj kub txias brittleness yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Q2. Txhais thiab cuam tshuam cov yam ntxwv ntawm weldability ntawm steel?
Weldability ntawm hlau yog hais txog qib uas cov khoom siv tau yooj yim welded thiab ua tau raws li cov qauv tsim raws li kev tsim thiab kev ua haujlwm. Weldability feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm yam xws li tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov hlau, dov txoj kev thiab phaj thickness.
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm weldability, nws feem ntau qhia los ntawm carbon sib npaug (Ceq). Qhov loj nws yog, qhov phem tshaj qhov solderability.
Cov pa roj carbon sib npaug Ceq (feem pua) tus nqi tuaj yeem suav los ntawm cov qauv hauv qab no:
Q3. Dab tsi yog qhov ua rau vuam kev nyuaj siab thiab vuam deformation thiab yuav ua li cas txo lawv?
Cov txheej txheem vuam ntawm cov qauv steel yog txheej txheem ntawm cov cua sov tsis sib xws thiab txias. Thaum lub sij hawm vuam, qhov kub ntawm qhov vuam thiab nws qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig yog siab heev, thaum feem ntau ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv qhov kev ncua deb tsis rhuab, thiab expansion thiab contraction ntawm lub ntsiab hlau yog tsis sib xws.
Tom qab txias, qhov sib txawv ntawm shrinkage thiab kev ntxhov siab sab hauv (longitudinal thiab lateral) tshwm sim hauv cov vuam, uas ua rau muaj ntau yam deformations ntawm cov qauv welded.
Feem ntau hais lus, vuam kev ntxhov siab thiab vuam deformation tuaj yeem raug txo los ntawm ob yam ntawm kev tsim thiab kev siv tshuab.
Kev ntsuas tsim: Npaj txoj haujlwm ntawm cov welds tsim nyog; xaiv qhov loj ntawm cov welds tsim nyog; tus naj npawb ntawm welds yuav tsum me me, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov welds yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj concentrated, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, peb-dimensional staggered welds yuav tsum tau zam; lub shrinkage kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv lub thickness kev taw qhia ntawm lub hauv paus hlau yuav tsum tau zam kom ntau li ntau tau.
Cov txheej txheem ntsuas: npaj cov txheej txheem vuam kom tsim nyog; txais yuav rov qab deformation; preheat ua ntej welding thiab temper tom qab vuam.
Cov txheej txheem ntsuas: npaj cov txheej txheem vuam kom tsim nyog; txais yuav rov qab deformation; preheat ua ntej welding thiab temper tom qab vuam.
Q4. Cov txheej txheem vuam zoo li cas rau cov qauv hlau?
Feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem vuam rau cov qauv hlau muaj xws li phau ntawv arc vuam, tsis siv neeg (lossis semi-automatic) submerged arc vuam, thiab roj shielded vuam.
Kev tuav arc vuam: Tom qab lub hwj chim qhib, ib qho arc yog tsim los yaj cov vuam hlau nyob rau hauv cov electrode thiab ntws mus rau hauv lub me me zawj molten pas dej ua ke tsim los ntawm lub arc ntawm lub weldment.
Lub slag thiab roj tsim los ntawm electrode txheej npog lub pas dej ua ke, tiv thaiv huab cua los ntawm kev sib cuag cov kua hlau molten thiab tsis txhob tsim cov nkig, frangible compounds.
Submerged arc welding: Ib txoj kev arc vuam uas cov arc hlawv hauv qab txheej txheej.
Lub vuam hlau tsis yog coated nrog txheej, tab sis lub vuam kawg yog them los ntawm cov granular flux ntws los ntawm lub taub hau flux, lub arc yog kiag li faus rau hauv lub flux, lub tshav kub ntawm lub arc yog concentrated, thiab qhov tob nkag mus yog loj. High productivity nrog zoo vuam zoo thiab me me deformation ntawm weldments.
Gas shielded vuam: Ib txoj kev vuam arc uas siv cov pa roj carbon dioxide lossis lwm cov roj inert ua qhov nruab nrab tiv thaiv. Kev cia siab rau cov roj tiv thaiv los tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv hauv zos nyob ib ncig ntawm lub arc kom tiv thaiv kev nkag ntawm cov pa phem thiab ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov txheej txheem vuam.
Lub zog vuam yog siab dua li ntawm phau ntawv arc vuam, thiab cov yas thiab corrosion kuj zoo. Nws yog tsim rau vuam nyob rau hauv txhua txoj hauj lwm, thiab muaj rau pem hauv ntej thiab rov qab txoj kev.
Q5. Txoj haujlwm sib txuas, daim ntawv sib koom ua ke, daim ntawv zawj, hom vuam thiab lub raj qauv ntawm daim ntawv code yog raws li nram no:
Q6. Feem ntau vuam tsis xws luag thiab lawv ua thiab txoj kev kho?
Weld defects tau muab faib ua 6 pawg: cov kab nrib pleb, kab noj hniav, cov khoom sib txuas, tsis tiav fusion, tsis tiav kev nkag mus, thiab cov duab tsis zoo.
Cov kab nrib pleb: Feem ntau muaj cov kab tawg kub thiab cov kab nrib pleb txias. Cov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub kub yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub hauv paus hlau, qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv vuam, kev xaiv tsis raug ntawm cov txheej txheem vuam tsis zoo, thiab kev siv vuam ntau dhau;
Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab nrib pleb yog tsis tsim nyog welding qauv tsim, tsis tsim nyog vuam seam layout, thiab tsis tsim nyog welding txheej txheem ntsuas, xws li tsis muaj preheating ua ntej welding thiab sai txias tom qab vuam.
Txoj kev kho mob yog los txiav tawm tsam qhov tawg ntawm ob xaus ntawm tawg lossis tshem tawm weld hlau ntawm kev tawg rau kev kho vuam.
Kab noj hniav: feem ntau muab faib ua ob hom: cua qhov thiab crater shrinkage qhov. Cov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov porosity yog kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov txheej txheej ntawm cov electrode, cov electrode thiab flux tsis ci, lub hauv paus hlau muaj cov roj stains los yog xeb thiab oxides, vuam tam sim no me dhau, qhov ntev arc ntev dhau lawm. , qhov vuam ceev yog ceev heev, thiab lwm yam. Txoj kev kho yog shovel. Tshem tawm cov vuam hlau ntawm qhov porosity, thiab tom qab ntawd kho qhov vuam.
Kab noj hniav: feem ntau muab faib ua ob hom: cua qhov thiab crater shrinkage qhov. Cov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov porosity yog kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov txheej txheej ntawm cov electrode, cov electrode thiab flux tsis ci, lub hauv paus hlau muaj cov roj stains los yog xeb thiab oxides, vuam tam sim no me dhau, qhov ntev arc ntev dhau lawm. , qhov vuam ceev yog ceev heev, thiab lwm yam. Txoj kev kho yog shovel. Tshem tawm cov vuam hlau ntawm qhov porosity, thiab tom qab ntawd kho qhov vuam.
Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau arc crater shrinkage yog hais tias lub vuam tam sim no loj heev, lub vuam ceev yog ceev heev, lub arc yog extinguished sai heev, thiab cov muab tub lim hlau tsis tas yuav ntxiv rau lub arc extinguishing qhov chaw. Txoj kev kho yog kho vuam ntawm lub arc crater.
Khoom suav nrog: Muaj ob qhov tsis xws luag ntawm slag inclusion thiab tungsten inclusion. Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau slag suav nrog yog cov khoom siv vuam tsis zoo, vuam tam sim no me me, vuam ceev heev, slag ceev heev, cuam tshuam slag los ntawm ntab, thiab cov slag tsis ntxuav thaum lub sij hawm ntau txheej vuam. Txoj kev kho yog tshem tawm. Lub weld hlau ntawm slag inclusions yog tom qab ntawd kho.
Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm tungsten suav nrog yog tias tungsten electrode nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub pas dej molten hlau thaum lub sij hawm argon arc vuam. Txoj kev kho mob yog khawb tawm cov hlau tsis zoo ntawm tungsten suav nrog thiab rov ua dua.
Tsis muaj fusion thiab nkag mus: Cov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog qhov vuam tam sim no me me dhau, qhov vuam ceev nrawm dhau, qhov zawj lub qhov sib txawv me dhau, thiab kev siv tshuab ua haujlwm tsis zoo.
Txoj kev kho kom tsis muaj fusion yog tshem tawm cov hlau vuam ntawm qhov tsis muaj fusion thiab tom qab ntawd kho nws los ntawm vuam.
Txoj kev kho mob rau kev nkag mus tsis tiav yog tias ib sab ntawm cov qauv nrog kev qhib zoo tsis nkag mus, thiab cov vuam tuaj yeem raug kho ncaj qha rau sab nraub qaum.
Rau qhov tseem ceeb weldments uas tsis tuaj yeem kho ncaj qha los ntawm vuam, cov hlau tsis tiav yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm thiab rov welded.
Cov yam ntxwv tsis xws luag: suav nrog undercut, weld hlaws, slump, hauv paus shrinkage, misalignment, lub kaum sab xis sib txawv, super-siab weld, nto irregularity, thiab lwm yam.
q7 ua. Ib qho kev ntsuas los tiv thaiv laminar tearing ntawm nplooj ntawv?
Nyob rau hauv T-shaped, cross-shaped thiab fillet pob qij txha, thaum lub thickness ntawm lub flange phaj yog tsis tsawg tshaj li 20 hli, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav zam los yog txo qhov loj welding shrinkage kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv lub thickness kev taw qhia ntawm lub hauv paus hlau phaj, cov nram qab no kev sib koom qauv. tsim yuav tsum tau saws:
Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas qhov kev nkag mus rau qhov tob qhov xav tau thiab qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov weld yog ua tau, yuav tsum tau txais ib qho kev sib tw me me thiab qhov sib txawv (a);
Nyob rau hauv cov pob qij txha fillet, ib tug symmetrical zawj los yog ib tug zawj (b) biased rau sab phaj yog siv;
Siv ob sab bevel symmetrical vuam es tsis txhob ntawm ib sab asymmetrical vuam (c);
Nyob rau hauv T-shaped los yog fillet sib koom ua ke, qhov kawg ntawm lub phaj raug rau vuam tensile kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv lub phaj thickness kev taw qhia protrudes los ntawm qhov sib koom weld cheeb tsam (d);
Nyob rau hauv T-shaped thiab cross-shaped pob qij txha, cam khwb cia hlau los yog forged steel hloov seem yog siv los hloov T-shaped thiab cross-shaped pob qij txha (e, f) nrog pob tw;
Hloov cov kev taw qhia quab yuam ntawm cov phaj tuab sib koom ua ke kom txo tau qhov kev ntxhov siab hauv cov thickness kev taw qhia;
Rau cov pob qij txha nyob rau hauv static load, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov kev sib koom ua ke lub zog, tag nrho cov kev nkag mus rau groove welds yog hloov los ntawm lub pob tw thiab fillet sib koom welds nrog ib feem nkag.
q8 ua. Weld zoo soj ntsuam txoj kev?
Thaum lub vuam raug tshuaj xyuas tom qab vuam, qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej, thiab lub qhov muag liab qab lossis iav tsom iav yuav tsum tau siv los soj ntsuam seb puas muaj qhov tsis xws luag, xws li undercut, hlawv-los ntawm, tsis tiav kev nkag, tawg, tsis ncaj ncees lawm ntug. , txaj, thiab lwm yam., thiab xyuas seb qhov weld loj puas haum rau Require.
Qhov tsis xws luag hauv qhov vuam feem ntau kuaj tau los ntawm ultrasonic. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog siv lub zog ultrasonic los propagate hauv cov hlau, thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav thiab refraction yuav tshwm sim thaum ntsib qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob lub xov xwm los tshuaj xyuas qhov tsis xws luag hauv qhov vuam, thiab nws tuaj yeem txiav txim raws li lub waveform. Muaj qhov tsis xws luag thiab qhov chaw tsis raug.
Txij li thaum muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kev sojntsuam thiab cov khoom kuaj, couplant yuav tsum tau siv rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub vuam thaum kuaj ultrasonic, thiab ultrasonic tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab hom thiab qhov loj ntawm qhov tsis xws luag.
Kev kuaj tsis yog kev puas tsuaj kuj qee zaum siv rau kev tshuaj xyuas hluav taws xob. Muaj ob hom kev kuaj X-ray thiab -ray tshuaj xyuas. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tias thaum lub teeb ci dhau los ntawm kev soj ntsuam weld, yog tias muaj qhov tsis xws luag, lub attenuation ntawm txoj kab hluav taws xob dhau los ntawm qhov tsis xws luag yog me me, yog li cov yeeb yaj kiab photosensitive nyob rau sab nraub qaum ntawm cov weld muaj zog dua, thiab tom qab cov yeeb yaj kiab ntxuav. , nws yuav raug tso tawm kom pom ntawm qhov tsis xws luag. Cov pob dub los yog streaks tshwm.
X-ray irradiation lub sij hawm luv luv, ceev ceev, cov cuab yeej yog complex, tus nqi yog siab, thiab lub peev xwm nkag mus yog me me, thiab cov thickness ntawm cov weldment yuav tsum tau kuaj yog tsawg tshaj li 30 hli. Cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuam-ray yog lub teeb, yooj yim rau kev khiav lag luam, thiab muaj peev xwm nkag tau zoo.
q9 ua. Dab tsi yog lub hauv paus rau kev txiav txim cov txiaj ntsig thaum kuaj kuaj?
Thaum qhov tsis tsim nyog tus nqi ntawm cov welds nyob rau hauv cov qauv kuaj xyuas yog tsawg dua 2 feem pua, batch ntawm kev txais yuav tsim nyog;
Thaum qhov tsis tsim nyog tus nqi ntawm cov welds nyob rau hauv qhov kev kuaj sampling yog ntau tshaj 5 feem pua, lub batch ntawm kev txais yuav tsis tsim nyog;
Ntxiv rau qhov xwm txheej hauv kab lus thib tsib ntawm tsab xov xwm no, thaum qhov tsis tsim nyog ntawm tus lej ntawm cov welds hauv kev kuaj xyuas yog 2 feem pua rau 5 feem pua, qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob npaug, thiab cov kab txuas ntxiv ntawm cov vuam seam ntawm ob qho tib si. sab ntawm qhov qub tsis tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ntxiv. Thaum tus nqi tsis tsim nyog hauv cov seam tsis ntau tshaj 3 feem pua, qhov kev lees txais batch yog tsim nyog; thaum nws loj dua 3 feem pua, qhov kev lees txais batch tsis tsim nyog;
Thaum batch txais tsis tau, tag nrho cov seem welds ntawm batch yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam;
Yog tias pom muaj ib qho tsis xws luag hauv kev tshuaj xyuas, ob qhov chaw tshuaj xyuas yuav tsum tau ua. Yog tias tsis pom muaj qhov tsis xws luag nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw soj ntsuam vuam, qhov kev lees txais batch yuav tsum raug lees txais; Yog tias tsim nyog, tag nrho cov seem welds hauv batch yuav raug tshuaj xyuas.
Q10 Cov xwm txheej twg yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem vuam tsim nyog?
Ntxiv nrog rau cov xwm txheej raug zam los ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas hauv lub teb chaws steel qauv vuam code, cov hlau, vuam cov ntaub ntawv, vuam txoj kev, sib koom cov ntaub ntawv, vuam txoj hauj lwm, tom qab vuam kub kho tshuab, vuam txheej txheem tsis, preheating thiab tom qab cua sov ntsuas tau txais los ntawm chav tsev tsim kho thawj zaug Raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kev txwv no, kev soj ntsuam cov txheej txheem vuam yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej kev tsim thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom siv hlau.
