Hauv kev lag luam tsim khoom, rov qab siv dua tshiab, thiab cov khoom xeem, yog txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb txhuas yog txoj haujlwm ua tiav. Aluminium, nrog nws cov cim ua ke ntawm lub cev, thiab cov kws kho tshuab, tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm lwm yam hlau (xws li cov hlau, thiab zinc alloys) los ntawm cov txheej txheem kuaj kom pom tseeb. Cov lus qhia tus kws tshaj lij no tau tshaj tawm cov tswv yim kev soj ntsuam rau txhuas, kev tshuaj xyuas lub cev, kev tsom xam cov tshuaj, thiab cov qauv tshuaj kho mob kom ntseeg tau tias qhov tseeb hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej.
1. Visual thiab Kev Ntsuas Lub Cev Khoom Siv: Kev Qhia Txog Kev Ua Ntej
Kev ua ntej cov cim ntawm txhuas tuaj yeem ua tau siv siv cov yam ntxwv saib xyuas lub cev, muab cov kauj ruam sai ntawm cov khoom sib cais.
Xim thiab Luster
Aluminium ua pov thawj qhov sib txawvSilvery - dawb nws xim hlau lusuas sib txawv ntawm lwm cov hlau:
Tsis zoo li lub npub grey ntawm cam khwb cia hlau los yog tsaus grey ntawm cov hlau, txhuas tau khaws lub zog ci ntsa iab, muaj ntau yam kev xav paub ntau thaum huv si.
Piv rau cov hlau stainless (uas muaj qhov zoo sib xws), txhuas feem ntau tsim ib puag ncig tsaus muag, thaum lub sijhawm statte oxide oxide zaj duab xis nyob rau lub sijhawm, thaum statee oxide zaj duab xis nyob ib puag ncig, tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig me me.
Tooj liab thiab tooj dag muaj xim liab lossis daj, ua rau lawv yooj yim dua ntawm txhuas.
Ntom ntom thiab qhov hnyav
Aluminium muaj qhov ceev qis (2.7 g / cm³), kwv yees li 1/3 uas ntawm cov hlau (7.8 g / cmÃ) thiab 1/4 uas ntawm tooj liab (8.9 g / cm³). Cov xeeb ceem no tau kuaj mob:
Rau cov khoom ntawm cov ntim zoo sib xws, txhuas yim sib dua dua cov hlau lossis tooj liab. Piv txwv li, ib qho 10 cm³â thaiv hnyav txog 27 grams, thaum lub thawv hlau thaiv ntawm tib lub luj ua haujlwm 78 grams.
Nco tseg: Alloys Alloys (piv txwv li, 7075) muaj ntau dua li ntau dua (txog 2.8 g / pip³) vim tias ntxiv cov khoom siv ntxiv dua li ntau dua lwm cov qauv qauv.
Hardness thiab malleability
Ntshiab txhuas yog cov mos mos yog cov mos (mohs hardness 2.5-3), softer dua li steel (mohs 4-5) tab sis nyuaj tshaj txhuas Qhov no tuaj yeem kuaj ntawm:
Cov ntiv tes lossis cov cuab yeej ntsuas: Ib qho khoom ntse (piv txwv li, tus ntsia hlau hlau) yuav tawm ntawm lub ntsej muag pom ntawm txhuas, pob uas hlau los yog stainless hlau los tiv taus cov khawb.
Dabtsi yog khoov xeem: Cov nplooj ntawv nyias nyias txhuas (tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 1 hli) tuaj yeem khoov ntawm yam tsis tau tawg, ua kom pom kev zoo. Hauv kev sib piv, cov ntawv nyias nyias steel yog stiffer thiab tej zaum yuav tawg thaum khoov.
2. Thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity: kev sim khoom ua haujlwm
Aluminium zoo heev thermal thiab hluav taws xob conditionality muab cov ntsiab lus qhia ntxiv, txawv ntawm cov neeg pluag uas tsis muaj neeg pluag.
Thermal conductivity
Txhuas ua cua sov li 5 zaug sai dua li cov hlau, ib qho kev sib tw uas tuaj yeem kuaj nrog cov cuab yeej yooj yim:
Kev Kuaj Tshav Kub Kub: Tuav ib qho kawg ntawm cov qauv hlau thiab siv cov cua sov (piv txwv li, ntawm qhov sib dua) mus rau lwm qhov kawg. Aluminium yuav hloov cua sov mus rau qhov txias kawg tsis pub dhau 5-10 vib nas this, ua rau pom qhov kub tau nce. Cov hlau lossis stainless hlau yuav ua kom sov ntau dua.
Aws melting kuaj: Tso cov dej khov nab kuab ntawm cov hlau nto. Cov dej khov melts tau sai sai sai sai sai sai sai sai rau txhuas dua ntawm cov hlau vim nws cov kev ua haujlwm hnyav dua.
Hluav Taws Xob Kev Tshaj Tawm
Aluminium yog ib qho hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws (60-65% IRS), thib ob tsuas yog tooj liab ntawm cov hlau. Ib qho kev sim ua yooj yim tuaj yeem siv tau siv:
Multimeter: Ntsuas cov hluav taws xob tsis kam ntawm ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov paub meej. Txhuas yuav pom cov qis qis dua li cov hlau (tus neeg ua neeg pluag) tab sis loj dua li tooj liab (97% IRS). Piv txwv li, ib qho 1-meter ntev ntawm 2 hli incat aluminium hlau muaj ib qho kev tiv thaiv ~ 0.017 ω, thaum lub hlau xaim muaj qhov tsis kam ntawm ~ 0.1 ω.
3. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntsuam xyuas: Qhov tseeb cim
Tshuaj lom neeg cov kev tshua nrog txhuas tsim cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb uas tau txawv ntawm lwm cov hlau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum kuaj lub cev tsis muaj kev sib tw.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov kua qaub
Aluminium reacts nrog cov muaj zog acids (piv txwv li, cov kua qaub hydrocoric) thiab cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog (piv txwv li tus xeeb ceem lossis tooj liab:
Hydrochloric Acid Test: Ruav nyem cov qauv me me hauv dilute hydrochloric acid (10% concentration). Aluminium yuav ua npuas ua npuas raws li hydrogen roj yog tso tawm:
2al {{{{{{{{} hc → 2alcl₃+ 3 h₂↑
Cov hlau yuav ua rau maj mam (tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob), tab sis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog thiab feem ntau txiav cov tshuaj (ntsuab los ntawm hlau ions). Tooj liab thiab hlau hlau (304/316) qhia me ntsis rau tsis muaj kev tawm tsam.
Vinegar kuaj: Rau cov tsis - Kev sim ua kom puas, soak cov qauv hauv dawb vinegar. Txhuas yuav ua kom muaj teeb meem me me sib zog dhau ob peb teev, thaum hlau lossis tooj liab tsis hloov pauv.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog alkalis
Aluminium reacts nrog muaj zog alkalis (piv txwv li sodium hydroxide) los ua soluble sodium aluminate, ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab ke ntawm cov hlau:
Sodium hydroxide xeem: Ntxiv ib qho me me ntawm cov hlau rau 5% sodium hydrocide tov. Aluminium yuav zom raws li maj, tso cov pa roj thiab ua kom muaj kev daws teeb meem meej. Hlau los yog tooj liab yog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm dilute alkalis.
Kev Kuaj Oxide
Txhuas cov ntawv txheej nyias, pob tshab oxide txheej (al₂o₃) uas tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev xeb ntxiv. Cov txheej no tuaj yeem kuaj ntawm:
Mercury chloride Tshuaj: Thov ib qho poob ntawm dilute mercury chloride (hgcl₂) daws rau cov hlau nto. Aluminium Oxide txheej yuav cuam tshuam, ua rau cov hlau kom hnov qab zib nrog oxygen thiab tsim oxy oxide (txheej txheem hu ua "amalgamation"). Qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tsis tshwm sim nrog hlau, tooj liab, lossis zinc.
Nco tseg: Mercury chloride yog tshuaj lom; Siv cov khoom tiv thaiv tiv thaiv thiab coj nrog kev ceev faj.
4. Instrumental ind|Kev Ntsuam Xyuas: Siab - precision cim
Rau cov ntawv tseem ceeb (piv txwv li, muaj kev tswj hwm zoo, alloy kev txheeb xyuas), cov txheej txheem instrumental muab cov txiaj ntsig tau tseeb.
X - Tshav puporescence (XRF)
XRF spectroscopy txheeb xyuas lub ntsiab lus muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov qauv los ntawm kev ntsuas x}} ray emissions los ntawm nws cov atoms:
Kev ua: Ib qho kev ntsuas XRF XRF cov cuab yeej hlau, tsim ib lub spectrum uas pom tias muaj cov ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, tooj hlau, tooj liab) thiab lawv cov kev xav.
Yam uas pab: Tsis - kev puas tsuaj, kev pom zoo hauv 10-30 feeb), thiab muaj peev xwm pom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txhuas los ntawm 5052 alloy lossis zinc hauv 7075 alloy).
Optical Opission Spectroscopy (OES)
Oes siv hluav taws xob arc kom vaporize ib qho piv txwv me, tshuaj xyuas lub teeb pom kev zoo los txiav txim siab muaj pes tsawg leeg:
Daim ntawv thov: {{{0} о} es es}}} ident identក all (piv txwv li, paub ntau txog 6061 los ntawm 1063 Aluminium) los ntawm li 6063 Aluminium) los ntawm silicon, magnesium).
Kev txwv: Rhuav tshem (yuav tsum tau ua piv txwv me me), tab sis muaj qhov tseeb dua dua li XRF rau qis qis {{} {} {} {maint
Qwj ntsuas
Rau precise density -} raws cov cim, siv aQhov ceev meter 'lossis cov txheej txheem dej:
Kev ua: Ntsuas cov qauv kev ntsuas (ntawm cov nplai) thiab ntim (ntawm cov dej tsis muaj nyob hauv lub tog raj kheej kawm tiav). Xam ntom ntom raws li loj / ntim.
Qho kawg: Txhuas yuav ntsuas tau 2.6-2.8 g / cmÃ) los ntawm cov hlau (7.7-7.9 g /M³), lossis zinc (7.1-7-2 g / cm³).
5. Cov lus qhia tswv yim rau daim teb qhia
Nyob rau hauv tsis - kev ntsuam xyuas chaw, ua ke ntau txoj hauv kev kom paub meej tias cov lus qhia Aluminium:
Kauj ruam 1: Siv kev tshuaj xyuas kev pom thiab qhov hnyav kom nqaim rau cov neeg sib tw ntawm cov xim ntawm xim, steel ntawm qhov hnyav).
Kauj ruam 2: Ua ib qho kev ntsuas khawb kom kuaj hardness (txhuas khawb yooj yim).
Kauj ruam 3: Txheeb xyuas nrog vinegar lossis kev mus kuaj cua sov kom paub meej tias kev coj ua.
Kauj ruam 4: Rau cov alloys, siv XRF yog tias muaj los txheeb xyuas cov cim aluminium hom.
Xaus Lus: Tus Kheej Kev Qhia Ua Kom Tau Raws Li Qhov Tseeb
Kev Soj Ntsuam txhuas yuav tsum ua ke ntawm kev sim lub cev, kev sim ua haujlwm, tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab (thaum xav tau) instrumental. Cov cwj pwm lub cev zoo li tsis tshua muaj ntom ntom, silvery luster, thiab kev muag khoom tso tawm (piv txwv li cov kua qaub {{ Cov hau kev nce qib zoo li XRF lossis oes muab qhov tseeb rau alloy-}}}}}}}}} kev qhia tshwj xeeb.
Cov cim txhuas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev rov ua dua tshiab (piv txwv li cov ntaub ntawv xaiv (piv txwv li, thiab kev tswj hwm zoo (piv txwv li txheeb xyuas cov qib kev sib raug zoo). Los ntawm kev ua raws li cov kauj ruam hauv cov txheej txheem no, tuaj yeem ntseeg tau paub meej aluminium los ntawm lwm cov hlau, kom ua tau zoo hauv kev lag luam thiab cov ntawv thov lag luam.
