Toojtau siv nyob rau hauvhluav taws xob thaivtxij li lub invention ntawm lubelectromagnetthiab covxov toojhauv 1820s. Lub invention ntawm lubxov toojnyob rau hauv 1876 tsim ntxiv thov rau tooj liab hlau raws li ib tug hluav taws xob conductor.Copper yog tushluav taws xob conductornyob rau hauv ntau pawg ntawm hluav taws xob thaiv.Copper hlau yog siv nyob rau hauvtsim hluav taws xob, kev xa hluav taws xob, zogkev faib tawm, kev sib txuas lus, hluav taws xobcircuitry, thiab suav tsis txheeb homkhoom siv hluav taws xob.Tooj thiab nws cov alloys kuj siv los uahluav taws xob tiv tauj. Hluav taws xob thaivnyob rau hauv cov tsev yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev lag luam rau tooj liab kev lag luam.Roughly ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov tooj liab mined yog siv los tsim hluav taws xob hlau thiab cable conductors.
Hluav taws xob conductivityyog ib qho kev ntsuas seb cov khoom thauj zoo npaum li cashluav taws xob. Qhov no yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv cov kab hluav taws xob. tooj liab muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws hluav taws xob conductivity ntsuam xyuas ntawm tag nrho cov uas tsis yog-cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig: hluav taws xob resistivity ntawm tooj liab=16.78 nΩ•m ntawm 20 degree . Tshwj xeeb - ntshiabOxygen-Free Electronic (OFE) tooj liabyog li ntawm 1% ntau conductive (piv txwv li, ua tiav qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 101% IACS).
Txoj kev xav ntawm cov hlau hauv lawv lub xeev muaj zog pab piav qhia qhov txawv txav ntawm cov hluav taws xob siab ntawm tooj liab. Nyob rau hauv ib tug tooj liabatom, sab nraud 4s zog cheeb tsam, los yogconduction band, tsuas yog ib nrab puv, ntau heevelectronsmuaj peev xwm nqa tauhluav taws xob tam sim no. Thaum ibhluav taws xob tebyog thov mus rau ib tug tooj liab hlau, conduction ntawm electrons accelerates rau lubelectropositivekawg, yog li tsim ib qho tam sim no. Cov electrons no ntsib kev tiv thaiv rau lawv txoj kev los ntawm kev sib tsoo nrog impurity atoms, qhov chaw ua haujlwm, lattice ions, thiab imperfections. Qhov nruab nrab nyob deb tau taug kev ntawm kev sib tsoo, txhais tau tias yog "txhais tau tias dawb txoj kevDab tsi yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm tooj liab yog nws txoj kev tsis pub ntev ntev (kwv yees li 100 atomic spacings ntawm chav sov).
Vim nws superior conductivity,annealedtooj liab tau los ua tus txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb uas tag nrho lwm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib piv. Nyob rau hauv 1913, lubInternational Electrotechnical Commissiontxhais cov conductivity ntawm kev lag luam ntshiab tooj liab hauv nws International Annealed Copper Standard, raws li 100% IACS=58.0 MS/m ntawm 20 degree, txo los ntawm 0.393% / degree .Vim hais tias coj mus muag purity tau zoo dua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem, tooj liab conductors siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev hlau feem ntau me ntsis tshaj 100% IACS tus qauv.
Qib tseem ceeb ntawm tooj liab siv rau kev siv hluav taws xob yog electrolytic-tough pitch (ETP) tooj liab (CW004A lossisASTMnpe C11040). Cov tooj liab no tsawg kawg yog 99.90% ntshiab thiab muaj hluav taws xob conductivity tsawg kawg yog 101% IACS. ETP tooj liab muaj ib feem me me ntawmoxygen({{0}}.02 txog 0.04%). Yog hais tias siab conductivity tooj liab yuav tsum tauweldedlos yogbrazedlos yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug txo qhov cua, cestooj liab tsis muaj oxygen(CW008A lossis ASTM lub npe C10100) tuaj yeem siv.
Ntau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tsis tshua muaj siab dua tooj liab, tab sis yuav tsum muaj cov hlaws loj dua kom nqa tau tib yam tam sim no thiab yuav tsis siv tau thaum qhov chaw txwv yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
Aluminiummuaj 61% ntawm cov conductivity ntawm tooj liab. Qhov chaw hla ntawm ib qho txhuas tus neeg xyuas pib yuav tsum yog 56% loj dua tooj liab rau tib lub peev xwm nqa tam sim no. Qhov yuav tsum tau nce lub thickness ntawmaluminium hlautxwv tsis pub nws siv nyob rau hauv ob peb daim ntawv thov, xws li nyob rau hauv me me motors thiab tsheb. Hauv qee qhov kev siv xws li huab cuahluav taws xob kis tau tus mobcables, tooj liab tsis tshua sivNyiaj, a hlau muaj nuj nqis, yog cov hlau uas muaj hluav taws xob ntau dua li tooj liab. Cov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm cov nyiaj yog 106% ntawm cov annealed tooj liab ntawm IACS nplai, thiab hluav taws xob resistivity ntawm nyiaj=15.9 nΩ•m ntawm 20 degree .Tus nqi siab ntawm cov nyiaj ua ke nrog nws qhov qis.tensile zogtxwv nws siv rau cov ntawv tshwj xeeb, xws li kev sib koom ua ke plating thiab zawv zawg qhov chaw sib cuag, thiab plating rau cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo.coaxial kabsiv ntawm zaus tshaj 30 MHz
